Ukubeka iliso kumthamo wolwelo usebenzisa iibhotile zamanzi ezithengiswayo

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I-fluid intake ibalulekile ekuthinteleni ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni kunye nokunciphisa amatye ezintso eziphindaphindiweyo.Kukho umkhwa kwiminyaka yamuva nje ukuphuhlisa izixhobo zokubeka iliso kwi-fluid intake usebenzisa "i-smart" yeemveliso ezifana neebhotile ezihlakaniphile. Kukho iibhotile ezininzi ze-smart baby ezithengiswayo ezifumanekayo, ezijoliswe ikakhulu kubantu abadala abanomdla. Ngokolwazi lwethu, ezi bhotile azizange ziqinisekiswe kwiibhotile. I-H2OPal, i-HidrateSpark Steel, i-HidrateSpark 3 kunye ne-Thermos Smart Lid.Iziganeko ezilikhulu zokungeniswa kwibhotile nganye zirekhodwe kwaye zahlalutywa kwaye zithelekiswa nenyaniso ephantsi efunyenwe kwizikali ze-high-resolution. Amaxabiso e-MPE eebhotile ze-HidrateSpark aphuculwa ngakumbi kusetyenziswa ukubuyiswa komgca njengoko babenexabiso elilinganayo lempazamo yomntu ngamnye.I-Thermos Smart Lid yayiyeyona ichanekileyo, njengoko inzwa ayizange yandise kuyo yonke ibhotile, ibangele ukuba iirekhodi ezininzi zilahleke.
Ukukhutshwa kwamanzi kuyingxaki enkulu kakhulu kuba kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki ezimbi, kubandakanywa ukudideka, ukuwa, ukulaliswa esibhedlele, kunye nokufa.Ukulinganisela kokuthatha i-fluid kubalulekile, ngokukodwa kubantu abadala abadala kunye nabantu abaneemeko zonyango eziphantsi ezichaphazela ukulawulwa kwamanzi.Izigulane ezisengozini yokubunjwa kwamatye ngokuphindaphindiweyo ziyacetyiswa ukuba zidle inani elikhulu le-fluid. kuthathwe1,2.Kukho iinzame ezininzi kwiincwadi zokudala iingxelo zeenkqubo okanye izixhobo ezinokukunceda ukulandelela nokulawula ukungenisa kwamanzi.Ngelishwa, uninzi lwezi zifundo aluzange lubangele imveliso ekhoyo yorhwebo.Iibhotile kwiimarike zijoliswe ngokukodwa kubadlali bezemidlalo okanye abantu abadala abanomdla wezempilo abafuna ukongeza i-hydration.Kweli nqaku, sijolise ekuboneleleni ukuba izigulane ezine ezifumanekayo zifumaneka kwi-ibhotile, sijolise ekuboneleleni ukuba izigulane ezine zophando zifumaneka kwi-ingxaki yokuthengisa, sijonge ukufumanisa isisombululo esifumanekayo samanzi. iibhotile zamanzi zorhwebo ngokwemigaqo yokusebenza kunye nokusebenza.Iibhotile ziyi-HidrateSpark 34, i-HidrateSpark Steel5, i-H2O Pal6 kunye ne-Thermos Smart Lid7 njengoko kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1. Ezi bhotile zikhethwe ngenxa yokuba enye yeebhotile ezine kuphela ezithandwayo ezi (1) zifumaneka ekuthengeni eCanada kwaye (2) zine-sip volume app data accessible through the mobile data data accessible.
Imifanekiso yeebhotile zorhwebo ezihlalutyiweyo: (a) HidrateSpark 34, (b) HidrateSpark Steel5, (c) H2OPal6, (d) Thermos Smart Lid7.Ibhokisi edayiweyo ebomvu ibonisa indawo yenzwa.
Kwiibhotile ezingentla, kuphela iinguqulelo zangaphambili ze-HidrateSpark ziye zaqinisekiswa kuphando8.Uphononongo lufumene ukuba ibhotile ye-HidrateSpark ichanekile ngaphakathi kwe-3% yokulinganisa ukuthathwa okupheleleyo kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-24 zokuthatha ulwelo. ezinye izifundo zokulandelela kunye nokukhuthaza ukungenisa kwamanzi, kodwa akukho zifundo ezithile eziye zaqinisekisa ukusebenza kwayo2,10.Pletcher et al.Iimpawu zegeriatric kunye nolwazi olukhoyo kwi-intanethi lufaniswa neebhotile ezininzi zorhwebo, kodwa azizange zenze naluphi na ukuqinisekiswa kokuchaneka kwazo11.
Zonke iibhotile ezine zentengiso zibandakanya i-app yamahhala yomninimzi wokubonisa nokugcina iziganeko zokungenisa ezithunyelwa ngeBluetooth.I-HidrateSpark 3 kunye ne-Thermos Smart Lid ine-sensor phakathi kwebhotile, mhlawumbi isebenzisa i-sensor capacitive, ngelixa i-HidrateSpark Steel kunye ne-H2Opal ine-sensor ezantsi, usebenzisa i-sensor ye-sensor okanye i-pressure ye-1 kwibhokisi ebomvu. I-Thermos Smart Lid, inzwa ayikwazi ukufikelela ezantsi kwesitya.
Ibhotile nganye ivavanywa kwizigaba ezibini: (1) isigaba sokufunxa esilawulwayo kunye (2) nesigaba sokuphila samahhala. Kuzo zombini izigaba, iziphumo ezibhalwe kwibhotile (efunyenwe kwi-app yeselula yemveliso esetyenziswe kwi-Android 11) zifaniswa nenyaniso yomhlaba efunyenwe kusetyenziswa isikali se-5 kg ​​(i-Starfrit Electronic Kitchen Scale 93756) .Zonke iibhotile ziqokelelwe kwi-calib yedatha. ukusuka kwi-10 mL ukuya kwi-100 mL ye-10 mL ukuya kwi-100 mL yalinganiswa ngokulandelelana okungahleliwe, imilinganiselo ye-5 nganye, kwimilinganiselo ye-50 nganye kwi-vial.Ezi ziganeko azikho iziganeko zokusela zangempela ebantwini, kodwa zigalelwe ukuze isixa se-sip nganye silawulwe ngcono.Kweli nqanaba, phinda uhlaziye i-imposiso ye-mL ukuba i-app5 enkulu, kwaye i-app5 ilahlekelwa yi-sip-recalibrate i-mL. uxhulumaniso lwebluetooth kwibhotile.Ngexesha lesigaba sobomi obukhululekile, umsebenzisi usela amanzi ngokukhululekile kwibhotile emini, kwaye bakhetha i-sips ezahlukeneyo.Esi sigaba sikwabandakanya ii-sips ze-50 ngexesha, kodwa kungekhona zonke zilandelelana.Ngoko ke, ibhotile nganye inedathasethi yemilinganiselo ye-100 iyonke.
Ukumisela umthamo opheleleyo we-fluid kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kwemihla ngemihla ngokufanelekileyo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ube nemilinganiselo echanekileyo yokuthatha umthamo we-volumetric yonke imini (iiyure ze-24) kunokuba yonke i-sip.Nangona kunjalo, ukuchonga iimpawu zokungenelela okukhawulezayo, i-sip nganye kufuneka ibe nephutha eliphantsi, njengoko kwenziwa kwisifundo sikaConroy et al. 2 .Ukuba i-sip ayibhalwanga okanye irekhodwe kakubi, kubalulekile ukuba ibhotile inokulinganisela ivolumu kwirekhodi elilandelayo.Ngoko ke, impazamo (umthamo olinganisiweyo - umthamo wangempela) ulungelelaniswa ngesandla. Ngokomzekelo, cinga ukuba isifundo sisela i-10 mL kunye nebhotile ibike i-0 mL, kodwa ke isihloko sisela i-20 mL, i-0 mL ichaza i-0 mL, kwaye i-0 mL ichaza i-0. ml.
Itheyibhile 1 idwelisa iimetrics ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza kwibhotile nganye ethathela ingqalelo izigaba ezibini (100 sips).Impazamo yepesenti ephakathi (MPE) ngokurhabula, ithetha impazamo epheleleyo (MAE) ngokurhabula ngakunye, kunye neMPE eyongezelekayo zibalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
apho \({S}_{act}^{i}\) kunye \({S}_{est}^{i}\) ziyinyani kunye noqikelelo lokuthathwa kwe \({i}_{th}\ ) sip, kwaye \(n\) linani lilonke lokurhabula.\({C}_{act}^{k}\) kunye \({{C}_\{i}" ne"""""""""""""""""""" """""" "" sips.I-Sip MPE ijonga imposiso yepesenti yomntu ngamnye, ngelixa i-Cumulative MPE ijonga impazamo yepesenti iyonke ekuhambeni kwexesha.Ngokweziphumo ezikwiTheyibhile 1, i-H2OPal inelona nani liphantsi leerekhodi ezilahlekileyo, i-Sip MPE ephantsi, kunye ne-MPE eqokelelweyo ephantsi.Impazamo yentsingiselo ingcono kuneyona mpazamo ipheleleyo xa i-comparie compariing (MA) ixesha.Kuba libonisa amandla ebhotile ukubuyisela imilinganiselo engalunganga ngokuhamba kwexesha ngelixa urekhoda imilinganiselo elandelayo.I-sip MAE iphinda ibandakanywe kwizicelo apho ukuchaneka kwe-sip nganye kubalulekile kuba ibala impazamo epheleleyo ye-sip nganye.Cumulative MPE iphinda ilinganise indlela imilinganiselo elungelelanisiweyo ngayo kwisigaba kwaye ayifaki i-3 observation yebhotile enye. kuthathelwe ngaphantsi umthamo womthamo womlomo ngamnye oboniswe kwiTheyibhile yoku-1 enamanani athabathayo.
I-R-squared Pearson coefficients coefficients kuzo zonke iibhotile nazo ziboniswe kwiThebhile 1. HidrateSpark 3 inikeza i-coefficient ephezulu yokulungelelanisa.Nangona i-HidrateSpark 3 ineerekhodi ezingekhoyo, ezininzi zazo ziyimilomo emincinci (Isicwangciso se-Bland-Altman kwi-Figure 2 iphinda iqinisekise ukuba i-HidrateSpark 3 inomda omncinci wesivumelwano (LoA) xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iibhotile ezintathu.LoA ihlalutya indlela amaxabiso okwenene kunye nokulinganisa avumelana ngayo.Ngaphezu koko, phantse yonke imilinganiselo yayikuluhlu lwe-LoA, oluqinisekisa ukuba le bhotile ibonelela ngeziphumo ezihambelanayo, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-2c yeyiphi indlela, nangona kunjalo, i-zero ithetha ukuba yeyiphi i-zero. Kuyafana nakwi-HidrateSpark Steel kwi-Figure 2b, apho uninzi lweempazamo zexabiso libi.Ngoko ke, ezi bhotile zimbini zibonelela nge-MPE ephezulu kunye ne-MPE eyongezelelekileyo xa kuthelekiswa ne-H2Opal kunye ne-Thermos Smart Lid, kunye neempazamo ezisasazwa ngaphezulu nangaphantsi kwe-0, njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Fig 2a.
Bland-Altman iiploti ze (a) H2OPal, (b) HidrateSpark Steel, (c) HidrateSpark 3 kunye (d) Thermos Smart Lid.Umgca odayiweyo umele ikhefu lokuzithemba elijikeleze umyinge, obalwa ukusuka ekutenxekeni okusemgangathweni kwiThebhile yoku-1.
I-HidrateSpark Steel kunye ne-H2OPal bezinemigangatho efanayo yokunxaxha kwe-20.04 mL kunye ne-21.41 mL, ngokulandelelana. I-35.42 mL, kwaye ngaphezu kwe-10% yemilinganiselo yayingaphandle kwendawo ye-LoA eboniswe kwi-Figure 2d. Le bhotile ibonelele i-Sip Mean Error encinci kakhulu kunye ne-MPE encinci yeCumulative, nangona ineerekhodi ezilahlekileyo kunye nomgangatho omkhulu wokutenxa. (~80 mL) .Oku kufuneka kukhokhelele ekujongeni ngaphantsi kokuthatha ulwelo; nangona kunjalo, i-Thermos yayikuphela kwebhotile ene-MPE efanelekileyo kunye ne-Sip Mean Error, ethetha ukuba ibhotile i-overestimated fluid intake.Ngoko ke, isizathu sokuba i-Thermos 'i-avareji yempazamo ye-sip iphantsi kakhulu kukuba umlinganiselo uqikelelwe kakhulu malunga nebhotile nganye. iirekhodi ezivela ekubaleni, i-Sip Mean Error yaba + 10.38 mL, eqinisekisa ukugqithiswa okukhulu kwe-sip eyodwa. Nangona oku kunokubonakala kukuhle, ibhotile ayichanekanga ngokwenene kuqikelelo lwe-sip nganye kwaye ayithembeki ngenxa yokuba iphosakele iziganeko ezininzi zokusela.Ngaphezu koko, njengoko kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2d, i-Thermos ibonakala inyuka i-SmartLi impazamo yokwandisa i-sip.
Kuzo zonke, i-H2OPal yayiyeyona nto ichanekileyo ekuqikeleleni i-sips ngexesha, kunye nendlela ethembekileyo yokulinganisa ukurekhoda okuninzi.I-Thermos Smart Lid yayiyeyona nto ichanekileyo kwaye iphosakele i-sips engaphezulu kunezinye iibhotile.Ibhotile ye-HidrateSpark 3 yayinemilinganiselo yephutha ehambelanayo, kodwa iyancipha kakhulu i-sips ebangele ukusebenza kakubi ngexesha.
Kuvela ukuba ibhotile inokuba ne-offset ethile enokuthi ihlawulwe ngokusebenzisa i-algorithm yokulinganisa.Oku kuyinyaniso ngokukodwa kwibhotile ye-HidrateSpark, enomgangatho omncinci wokuphambuka kwephutha kwaye isoloko ijongela phantsi i-sip.I-square encinci ye-square (LS) isetyenziswe kunye nenqanaba le-1 idatha ngelixa lingabandakanyi naziphi na iirekhodi ezilahlekileyo zokufumana i-offset elinganisiweyo kunye nokuzuza isiphumo sokubala i-equation yesigaba sesibini. elona xabiso kunye nokumisela imposiso elinganisiweyo.Itheyibhile 2 ibonisa ukuba ulungelelwaniso luphucule impazamo yeSip yeebhotile ezimbini ze-HidrateSpark, kodwa hayi i-H2OPal okanye i-Thermos Smart Lid.
Ngethuba leSigaba soku-1 apho zonke izilinganiso zenziwe, ibhotile nganye iphinda ifakwe ngamaxesha amaninzi, ngoko ke i-MAE ebalwayo inokuchaphazeleka kwinqanaba lokuzalisa ibhotile.Ukumisela oku, ibhotile nganye ihlulwe ibe ngamanqanaba amathathu, aphezulu, aphakathi, naphantsi, ngokusekelwe kumthamo opheleleyo webhotile nganye. Kwimilinganiselo yeSigaba 1, uvavanyo olulodwa lwe-ANOVA lwenziwa ukujonga ukuba amanqanaba ahluke kakhulu kwi-3 impazamo kunye ne-Steel absolute. Iindidi azihluke kakhulu.Kwakukho umda obalulekileyo umda (p Iimvavanyo ezimbini ze-t-tailed zenziwa ukuthelekisa inqanaba le-1 kunye nenqanaba le-2 iimpazamo kwibhotile nganye.Siphumelele p> 0.05 kuzo zonke iibhotile, oku kuthetha ukuba amaqela amabini awazange ahluke kakhulu.Nangona kunjalo, kwabonwa ukuba iibhotile ezimbini ze-HidrateSpark zalahlekelwa inani eliphezulu kakhulu lokurekhoda kwinqanaba le-2. Kwi-H2OPal, inani leerekhodi ezilahlekileyo (i-2 elahlekileyo i-Smart ilahlekile), ngelixa i-Smart ilahlekile, i-2 vs. ukurekhodwa okumbalwa okuphosiweyo (i-6 vs. 10) .Njengoko iibhotile ze-HidrateSpark zonke ziphuculwe emva kokulinganisa, uvavanyo lwe-t lwenziwa kwakhona emva kokulinganisa.Kwi-HidrateSpark 3, kukho umehluko omkhulu kwiimpazamo phakathi kweSigaba 1 kunye neSigaba 2 (p = 0.046) .Oku kunokwenzeka ngakumbi ngenxa yerekhodi eliphezulu kwinani elilahlekileyo le-12.
Eli candelo linika ingqiqo ekusebenziseni ibhotile kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo, kunye nolunye ulwazi olusebenzayo.Nangona ukuchaneka kwebhotile kubalulekile, into yokusetyenziswa nayo ibalulekile xa ukhetha ibhotile.
I-HidrateSpark 3 kunye ne-HidrateSpark Steel zixhotyiswe ngezibane ze-LED ezikhumbuza abasebenzisi ukuba basele amanzi ukuba abahlangabezani neenjongo zabo njengoko bekucwangcisiwe, okanye badanyaze inani elithile lamaxesha ngemini (ebekwe ngumsebenzisi) . app.Inani lezaziso ngosuku linokwenziwa ngokwezifiso kwi-HidrateSpark kunye nezicelo ze-H2OPal.
I-HidrateSpark 3 kunye ne-Steel zisebenzisa iindlela zomgca ukukhokela abasebenzisi xa besela amanzi kwaye banike injongo ephakanyisiweyo yeyure ukuba abasebenzisi bafanele babethe ekupheleni kosuku.I-H2OPal kunye ne-Thermos Smart Lid inikezela kuphela injongo epheleleyo yemihla ngemihla.Kuzo zonke iibhotile, ukuba isixhobo asixhunyiwe kwi-app nge-bluetooth, idatha iya kugcinwa kwindawo kwaye ivumelaniswe emva kokudibanisa.
Akukho nanye kwiibhotile ezine ezigxininise kwi-hydration kubantu abadala.Ukongezelela, iifomyula ezisetyenziselwa iibhotile ukumisela iinjongo zokuthatha imihla ngemihla azifumaneki, okwenza kube nzima ukufumanisa ukuba ngaba zifanelekile kubantu abadala.Ininzi yezi bhotile zikhulu kwaye zinzima kwaye azilungelelaniswa nabantu abadala.Ukusetyenziswa kweefowuni zeselula nazo zingenakulungeleka kubantu abadala, nangona kunokuba luncedo kubaphandi abakude ukuqokelela idatha.
Zonke iibhotile azikwazi ukumisela ukuba i-liquid isetyenzisiwe, ilahliwe okanye ichithekile.Zonke iibhotile nazo kufuneka zibekwe phezu komhlaba emva kwe-sip nganye ukurekhoda ngokuchanekileyo ukungenisa.Oku kuthetha ukuba iziphuzo zingaphoswa ukuba ibhotile ayibekwanga phantsi, ngakumbi xa iphinda ifakwe.
Omnye umda kukuba isixhobo kufuneka sidityaniswe ngamaxesha athile kunye ne-app ukuvumelanisa idatha.I-Thermos yayidinga ukuphinda idityaniswe rhoqo xa i-app ivuliwe, kwaye ibhotile ye-HidrateSpark yayihlala inzima ukufumana uxhumano lweBluetooth.H2OPal ilula kakhulu ukubhanqa kunye ne-app ukuba uxhulumaniso lulahlekile.Zonke iibhotile zilinganiswe ngaphambi kokuba uvavanyo luqale kwaye kufuneka luhlaziywe ngebhotile ye-HidrateSpark ubuncinane. I-H2OPal kufuneka ikhutshwe kwaye izaliswe ngokupheleleyo ukwenzela ukulinganisa.
Zonke iibhotile azinakho ukhetho lokukhuphela okanye ukugcina idatha ixesha elide.Kwakhona, akukho namnye kubo onokufumaneka nge-API.
I-HidrateSpark 3 kunye ne-H2OPal zisebenzisa iibhetri ze-lithium-ion ezitshintshayo, i-HidrateSpark Steel kunye ne-Thermos SmartLid zisebenzisa iibhetri ezitshajwayo.Njengoko kuchazwe ngumenzi, ibhetri ehlaziywayo kufuneka ihlale ukuya kwiiveki ze-2 ngentlawulo epheleleyo, nangona kunjalo, kufuneka ihlaziywe phantse ngeveki xa usebenzisa i-Thermos SmartLid ibhotile njengoko abantu abaninzi bekhumbula ibhotile ye-Thermos. rhoqo.
Kukho izinto ezahlukeneyo ezinokuchaphazela ukhetho lwebhotile ehlakaniphile, ngakumbi xa umsebenzisi engumntu okhulileyo.Ubunzima kunye nomthamo webhotile yinto ebalulekileyo njengoko kufuneka kube lula ukuyisebenzisa ngabantu abadala ababuthathaka.Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, ezi bhotile azilungiselelwe abantu abadala.Ixabiso kunye nobuninzi bolwelo kwibhotile enye enye into.Itheyibhile 3 ibonisa ukuphakama kunye nexabiso elincinci le-Smart volume. Ikhaphukhaphu njengoko yenziwe ngokupheleleyo ngeplastiki ekhaphukhaphu.Ikwaphethe ulwelo oluninzi xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iibhotile ezintathu.Ngokuchaseneyo, i-H2OPal yayiyeyona inde, inzima kwaye ibiza kakhulu kwiibhotile zophando.
Iibhotile ze-smart ezifumaneka ngokurhweba ziluncedo kubaphandi kuba akukho mfuneko yokuvelisa izixhobo ezitsha.Nangona zininzi iibhotile zamanzi ezikrelekrele ezikhoyo, eyona ngxaki ixhaphakileyo kukuba abasebenzisi abafikeleli kwidatha okanye imiqondiso ekrwada, kwaye ziziphumo ezithile kuphela eziboniswa kwi-app ephathwayo.Kukho imfuneko yokuphuhlisa ibhotile esetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngokuchaneka okuphezulu kunye nedatha efikeleleke ngokupheleleyo, ngakumbi uvavanyo lwebhotile ezine. I-H2OPal ngaphandle kwebhokisi yayine-MPE ye-Sip ephantsi, i-MPE eyongezelelekileyo, kunye nenani leerekhodi eziphosiweyo.I-HidrateSpark 3 inomgca ophezulu, ukutenxa okusemgangathweni okuncinci kunye ne-MAE.HidrateSpark Steel kunye ne-HidrateSpark 3 inokulinganiswa ngesandla ukunciphisa i-Sip ithetha impazamo usebenzisa indlela ye-Sip echanekileyo, i-3 echanekileyo yokurekhodwa kwe-sip, i-3 echanekileyo yokurekhoda i-sip. imilinganiselo engaguquguqukiyo ngokuhamba kwexesha, i-H2OPal lukhetho lokuqala.I-Thermos SmartLid yayinokusebenza okuncinci okuthembekileyo, yayine-sips ephosiweyo kakhulu, kunye ne-overestimated sips nganye.
Uphononongo alukho ngaphandle kwemida.Kwiimeko zehlabathi langempela, abasebenzisi abaninzi baya kusela kwezinye izitya, ngakumbi ulwelo olushushu, iziselo ezithengwe evenkileni, kunye ne-alcohol.Umsebenzi wexesha elizayo kufuneka uvavanye indlela ifom yebhotile nganye echaphazela ngayo iimpazamo ukukhokela uyilo lwebhotile yamanzi.
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Lo msebenzi uxhaswe yiCanadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) iSibonelelo seSiseko (FDN-148450) .UDkt. UFernie wafumana inkxaso-mali njengoSihlalo weCreaghan woKhuselo lweNtsapho kunye neTeknoloji yezoNyango.
I-Kite Institute, i-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - i-University Health Network, eToronto, eCanada
Ukwenziwa kwengcamango – RC; Indlela yokusebenza - RC, AR; Ukubhala - Ukulungiswa Kwemibhalo-ngqangi - RC, AR; Ukubhala – Ukuphonononga nokuHlela, GF, AR; Ukongamela – AR, GF Bonke ababhali bafundile kwaye bayavumelana nenguqulelo epapashiweyo yombhalo-ngqangi.
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